Coffee harvest: why is the timing of the harvest essential?
Did you know that the coffee harvest is one of the most important moments in the coffee production process? This is because the quality of the beans depends largely on the point of maturity at which the fruits are picked from the plant.
Typically, coffee is harvested once a year. However, the exact time depends on the type of plant. For example, the ripening time for Robusta is usually 9 to 11 months, and the ripening time for Arabica is usually 7 to 9 months.
The importance of a good coffee harvest
Coffee quality begins with the planting of the coffee seed and its harvest. The exact moment in which the beans are picked will determine details of their flavor and quality. Coffee beans reach their optimal point when they look bright red and have already grown significantly. Before reaching this characteristic color, the fruit goes through green, yellow and orange (Jacto, 2023).
Now, why is it so important to make sure you harvest your coffee at this point? Because it is only at this point that the bean will have fully developed its natural sugars, acids and other compounds. All of this will then translate into the complex flavours we love to discover in a good cup of coffee.
In a nutshell, it works like this: if harvested too early, the bean is less sweet and can taste more sour or earthy; if harvested too late, the coffee can lose acidity and freshness. So, every time you enjoy a coffee with a balanced flavor and lively aromas, you can thank the producers and harvesters who took the time to harvest those beans at the right time.
Harvesting methods: manual harvesting vs. mechanical harvesting
Now, how is coffee harvested ? There are two main methods: selective manual harvesting and mechanized harvesting. Each has its own particularity that impacts the quality and consistency of the coffee.
1. Selective manual collection
This method of coffee harvesting is the most appropriate for obtaining high-quality beans. In selective manual harvesting, also called picking , workers inspect each plant and select only the beans at their optimum point of ripeness.
It is a laborious process, as it involves returning to the same plant several times during the harvest season. Handpicking is the preferred method in specialty coffee producing regions, as it allows the best beans to be selected. This level of precision not only ensures high quality, but also results in a much more consistent and defined flavor profile.
The downside? It's a slow process and therefore more expensive. However, coffee lovers know that the extra effort is worth every penny.
2. Mechanized harvesting
In contrast, mechanized harvesting is fast and efficient. It uses specialized machinery to shake the bushes to loosen the grains, which are then collected from the ground or in trays. This method is common on flat land and in countries where labor can be more expensive.
Mechanized coffee harvesting is ideal for large plantations seeking volume. However, to a certain extent, it can reduce the accuracy of bean selection somewhat. Since the machine cannot differentiate in detail between ripe, unripe or overripe beans, there is often an undefined mix in each batch.
Coffee harvesting by region: differences
Coffee is grown in various regions around the world. However, the harvest time varies significantly depending on the location. Why? Because climate and altitude play a crucial role in the growth and maturation of the coffee plantation .
In general, coffee-producing areas are located in the so-called "Coffee Belt". This includes countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia.
Latin America
In Latin America, the coffee harvest typically occurs between October and March. In countries like Mexico, harvests can vary depending on the specific region, as they have two annual harvest periods: a main harvest and a smaller harvest known as "mitaca."
On the other hand, in Brazil, the world's leading coffee producer , the harvest generally takes place from May to September due to its milder climate.
Africa
Africa is known for producing some of the most exotic coffees in the world. In Ethiopia , the harvest takes place between October and February, while in Kenya it is usually between November and December. These dates are linked to the rainy seasons and the unique climate of the region, allowing the beans to mature slowly and develop complex flavor profiles.
Asia
Countries like Vietnam and Indonesia are also leaders in coffee production. Of course, they have their own coffee harvest calendar . Typically, in Vietnam, it happens between October and February, while in Indonesia it runs from June to October.
These regions tend to produce stronger beans with earthy and spicy notes due to the characteristics of the soil and the tropical climate.
The impact of climate on the coffee harvest calendar
Climate is a determining factor in the coffee harvest . Variations in rainfall and temperature can speed up or delay the ripening of the beans. Rainy seasons, in particular, are crucial. Coffee needs enough water to grow. It also needs a dry period so that the beans can ripen and not ferment on the plant.
In years with uncontrolled rainfall or drastic climate changes, the coffee process must be adjusted. This, in order to harvest at the right time. This is one of the reasons why climate change is a growing concern in the coffee industry.
Every time you take a sip of your favorite coffee, remember that there is a team of people who worked hard. From the planting process, to the harvest, to the roasting of the coffee and its packaging. Cheers to those people who bring us happiness in every sip!